Advanced โ Answers & Evidence
่ค้ใช่ซ็ๅฑ้ใจๆฆๅฟต็่งฃใๅใไธ็ดใชใชใธใใซๅ้กใงใใ
The Productive Uses of Uncertainty
A precise single number is always more informative than a range.
็ฒพๅฏใใๅธธใซๆ ๅ ฑไพกๅคใ้ซใใใจใฏ่ฟฐในใฆใใพใใใ
Model results depend partly on assumptions.
ๆฌๆใจไธ่ดใใพใใ
All uncertainty disappears when more data are collected.
ใในใฆๆถใใใจใฏๅฆๅฎใใใฆใใพใใ
Decision-makers sometimes act before certainty is complete.
ๆฌๆใฎ่จใๆใใงใใ
A shaded visual area is guaranteed to show probability accurately.
guaranteed ใจ็็พใใพใใ
Uncertainty can be manipulated to support political goals.
ๆฌๆใจไธ่ดใใพใใ
Questions 7โ13
Complete the summary. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Uncertainty provides information about limits and 7. reliability. Instruments have limited 8. precision, while models simplify reality. Some uncertainty reflects genuine 9. variability and cannot be removed. Engineers respond by using safety 10. margins. Communication should separate the probable from the merely 11. possible. Groups may magnify uncertainty to delay 12. regulation. Honest uncertainty allows plans to 13. adapt as evidence changes.
Smell and the Architecture of Memory
Odour-evoked memories are always factually accurate.
always accurate ใจ errors ใ็็พใใพใใ
People may recognise a smell without being able to name it.
ๆฌๆใจไธ่ดใใพใใ
Labels can alter whether an identical smell seems pleasant.
ๆฌๆใฎ่จใๆใใงใใ
Every culture interprets the smell of cleanliness in the same way.
ๆๅใซใใฃใฆ็ฐใชใใพใใ
Commercial products can contribute to shared smell references.
ๆฌๆใจไธ่ดใใพใใ
Museums can reconstruct historical smells with complete certainty.
complete certainty ใจ็็พใใพใใ
Questions 20โ26
Complete the summary. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Smell signals reach areas related to emotion and 20. memory. Intensity does not guarantee factual 21. reliability. Naming an odour can organise perception but may also 22. distort it. Culture affects exposure and 23. interpretation. Museum reconstructions rely partly on subjective written 24. descriptions. The smell of books comes from compounds released as paper 25. deteriorates. Odour is shaped by social 26. frameworks, not only chemistry.
When Efficiency Creates Fragility
Efficient systems always respond well to unusual disturbances.
always ใจๆฌๆใ็็พใใพใใ
Resources that support resilience may appear wasteful during normal periods.
ๆฌๆใจไธ่ดใใพใใ
Just-in-time supply necessarily fails in every industry.
necessarily fails ใๅฆๅฎใงใใพใใ
Hospitals can use flexible resources instead of maintaining all emergency capacity permanently.
ๆฌๆใจไธ่ดใใพใใ
Performance targets can change worker behaviour without improving the service.
ๆฌๆใฎ่จใๆใใงใใ
Identical backups in one location always provide strong protection.
strong protection ใจ little protection ใ็็พใใพใใ
The passage recommends the same reserve capacity for every service.
ใตใผใในใซใใ็ฐใชใใจ่ฟฐในใฆใใพใใ
Questions 34โ40
Complete the summary. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Efficiency removes waste but may leave little room to respond to a 34. disturbance. Resilience can depend on equipment or resources that remain 35. idle. Just-in-time systems reduce warehouses and tied-up 36. capital. Public services may use buildings that can be 37. converted. Indicators tend to favour what is easy to 38. count. Effective redundancy requires 39. diversity, not merely identical backups. Decisions about reserves distribute costs and future 40. risks.